The Innovators of Genetic Engineering

The monumental progress in biotechnology is being driven by Colossal Biosciences, which officially launched in September 2021. Founded by renowned Harvard geneticist George McDonald Church and entrepreneur Ben Lamm, this company aims to revive species that humans have helped to eliminate, such as the dodo, the Tasmanian tiger, and the woolly mammoth. Their interdisciplinary method incorporates elements from genetic engineering, machine learning, embryology, stem cell research, conservation, and tissue development.

Colossal currently employs over 60 researchers, with most working in one of their four labs located in Dallas, Boston, Cambridge, and Melbourne. They have also formed partnerships with leading research institutions globally, including the University of California, Santa Cruz, Cornell University, the University of Potsdam, and Stockholm University. This collaborative effort brings together some of the brightest minds to tackle the challenge of de-extinction.

Recent Advances in De-Extinction

As of late November 2023, lead paleontologist Beth Shapiro has made significant strides by sequencing the complete genome of the dodo. This achievement marks a critical step towards the dodo's revival, though there remains considerable work ahead. Colossal has also sequenced the genomes of closely related species, including the extinct Rodrigues solitaire and the living Nicobar pigeon, the dodo's nearest relative. This progress suggests a promising trajectory, indicating that genetic sequencing may advance faster than previously anticipated.

Shapiro acknowledges that the next phase in producing dodos may prove to be the most complex yet, as past attempts at avian cloning have been particularly difficult. However, the team has discovered that cells resembling precursors for reproductive organs in the Nicobar pigeon can thrive within chicken embryos. They are currently investigating whether these primordial germ cells (PGCs) can be developed into dodo gametes, which are essential for reproduction.

The Ethical Considerations of Reviving Extinct Species

While the idea of bringing back extinct species is exciting, it is essential to recognize the ethical concerns and potential risks. Reintroducing these species into their original habitats could lead to ecological imbalances and unforeseen consequences. Ethical considerations surrounding the impact on existing ecosystems and the welfare of the reintroduced species must be addressed.

Reintroducing extinct animals could disrupt ecosystems that have adjusted to their absence over time. It is crucial to understand how these species might affect the current dynamics in their new environments. Thankfully, Colossal has a team of ecologists dedicated to evaluating these impacts.

Additionally, the process of reintroduction is neither simple nor inexpensive. It will require substantial time and resources to ensure that efforts are not wasted. Colossal is committed to enhancing these species to be more resilient than their ancestors, but the effectiveness of these modifications remains uncertain.

The Risks of a Quick Fix

It's important to recognize that relying solely on de-extinction methods may serve as a superficial solution to the larger problem of extinction. While achieving the de-extinction of species is a remarkable feat, it must be complemented by addressing the underlying causes of extinction. A comprehensive approach that includes reducing our consumption and energy use is essential for long-term sustainability. Colossal's multidisciplinary strategies are commendable, yet they must expand to tackle the broader issues stemming from industrialization.

The Purpose Behind De-Extinction Efforts

Reflecting on the science of de-extinction, I'm reminded of a quote from Jurassic Park: “Your scientists were so preoccupied with whether or not they could, they didn’t stop to think if they should.” Much of the discourse surrounding this revolutionary technology resembles the speculative musings of a science fiction narrative. However, the scientists involved in Colossal are focused on the potential benefits of their work, aiming to restore what has been lost or is at risk.

Their optimism extends to various applications, including rewilding efforts, genetic enhancements for current species, and ecological balancing. For instance, their research into the woolly mammoth's genome has the potential to aid in combating Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV), which poses a significant threat to both Asian and African elephants. By applying CRISPR technology, they are investigating genetic mutations that increase susceptibility to this disease, working towards a solution.

When Can We Expect Dodos and Other Extinct Species?

The timeline for successfully reviving these species is uncertain, with projections ranging from several years to a few decades. While Colossal has hinted that we could see woolly mammoths by 2027, they have not yet provided estimates for the dodo or Tasmanian tiger.

Upon successful revival, these species will be released into their natural habitats, but conservation efforts will continue long after. Sustainable de-extinction requires ongoing monitoring and care, similar to current practices for endangered species. Therefore, even if Colossal meets its goals, it may take longer for the public to interact with these resurrected creatures.

In conclusion, the journey towards de-extinction positions us at the edge of a Jurassic Park-like future, but with a commitment to learning from past mistakes. The focus on beneficial applications underscores the purpose driving this research. Only time will reveal how these advancements will contribute to the health of our planet and its species. My exploration this week has left me feeling hopeful, emphasizing the importance of not just whether we can achieve de-extinction, but how we will do it responsibly.

The first video titled "Dodo Bird De-Extinction | Restoring The Past for A Better Future | Colossal Biosciences" explores the innovative steps being taken towards reviving the dodo and the broader implications of de-extinction technology.

The second video, "Why I Believe The Dodo Is Coming Back From Extinction," discusses the optimistic perspectives surrounding the revival of extinct species and the impact this could have on biodiversity.