Summary

The climate crisis demands immediate action, yet the path to solutions is complex and systemic. We need to rethink how we produce, consume, and interact with our environment. The rise in public concern, carbon pricing, and the prevalence of greenwashing necessitate a careful yet decisive approach.

Quantum Information Science (QIS) opens new avenues for innovation in computing, imaging, sensing, and communications. By adopting hybrid and modular methodologies, we can enhance performance while reducing costs. Our research has identified over 80 promising applications that span various sectors, from energy to agriculture, and from industry to transportation.

Collaboration is key, and we welcome partnerships with interested stakeholders. More details can be found at the end of this article.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article represent the authors' opinions and do not reflect those of their affiliated organizations. Much of the information has been gathered through discussions within the Entangle Community.

Introduction & Context

#### Rationale for Writing This

There's a palpable buzz surrounding quantum computing, often characterized by grand claims that are challenging to substantiate. While many prominent scientists share insights, it's prudent to approach these narratives with skepticism due to potential biases stemming from funding and affiliations. Despite the noise, there is a pressing need for clarity regarding the practical applications of quantum technologies.

#### The Persistent Climate Crisis

On the flip side, there's a growing movement towards climate innovation supported by venture funding and policy initiatives. Although the landscape may seem crowded, we are still in the early stages of the innovation cycle, with opportunities for numerous "climate unicorns." This article aims to highlight areas where quantum technology can play a transformative role.

> “The more I learn, the more I realize how much I don’t know.” — Albert Einstein

As we delve deeper into this intersection, we become increasingly aware of the vast unknowns. This realization is empowering, motivating us to embrace our ignorance and commit to lifelong learning.

Target Audience

Our primary audience includes entrepreneurs, environmentally conscious corporations, technologists, innovators, and investors. This article provides a high-level overview, simplifying complex concepts for easier understanding. It may not directly address those already steeped in the quantum ecosystem.

> If you are knowledgeable about quantum tech, delve deeper into its climate implications. If you are familiar with climate issues, learn more about quantum technology.

Our Approach to the Intersection

• Skepticism and Depth: We maintain a critical eye while exploring the facts versus myths surrounding quantum technology.
• Systemic Analysis: We evaluate problems within a holistic framework to identify specific applications and solutions.
• Cautious Optimism: Given the urgency of climate solutions and the uncertain utility of quantum technologies, we remain hopeful yet realistic about our timelines.

This intersection is relatively unexplored, presenting an opportunity for thorough investigation and cross-sector collaboration.

#### Noteworthy Initiatives

Q4Climate: An initiative that connects research and industry communities around quantum solutions for climate challenges. For more information, visit q4climate.github.io.

A Quantum Leap in Computing is Good for the Climate Crisis: Exploring how understanding molecular interactions can lead to breakthroughs in drug development and more. Visit www.wired.co.uk for details.

1. Quantum Technologies (Basics, Current State, Applications)
2. Climate Crisis (Key Data, Overview, Solutions)
3. Investment Trends & Opportunities
4. Our Thesis
5. Next Steps

1. Quantum Technologies

In this piece, we won't delve deeply into the intricacies of quantum technology, as numerous resources are readily available. For a thorough understanding, explore platforms like Quantum Insider or Quantum Curious, or consult the comprehensive Course of Theoretical Physics by Lev Landau.

A deep comprehension of Quantum Information Science from a venture-building perspective is rare, yet it will become increasingly valuable as quantum technology matures. Venture builders such as Zero 1 and BCG Digital Ventures will likely see rising interest in this skillset in the coming years.

Quantum Information Science (QIS) represents a synthesis of three key scientific disciplines:

1. Quantum Physics
2. Computer Science
3. Information Theory

Quantum Technologies leverage quantum effects, encapsulating the essence of Applied Quantum Information Science.

#### 1A. Quantum Computing

A quantum computer can be defined as a machine that:

• Processes information based on quantum mechanics.
• Uses quantum bits (qubits) to encode data as superpositions of classical states.
• Offers the potential to solve certain problems much faster than classical computers.

For an in-depth understanding of quantum computing criteria, refer to David DiVincenzo's foundational work.

Challenges in Quantum Computing: Achieving coherence, strong interactions, and precise control over quantum systems is complex and requires balancing nearly incompatible criteria.

Potential Speed-ups: Although the theoretical advantages of quantum algorithms like Shor's and Grover's have yet to be fully realized, hybrid quantum algorithms combined with high-performance computing are showing promise for practical applications.

To gain significant speed-ups, quantum computing must exploit problem structures, focusing on specific problem types where quantum advantages can be leveraged.

Identifying Suitable Problems: Quantum computing can assist in addressing hard problems in various fields, including optimization, machine learning, simulation, and cryptography. Finding the right problems to tackle is critical for advancing research and development.

#### Quantum Algorithms

To harness quantum computers effectively, robust quantum algorithms are essential. The number of researchers developing these algorithms is limited, making this a highly specialized area.

Many researchers are developing heuristics-based or hybrid quantum algorithms, combining classical and quantum approaches.

For a comprehensive and regularly updated catalog of quantum algorithms, visit the Quantum Algorithm Zoo by Dr. Stephen Jordan from Microsoft.

Why Quantum?

Quantum technologies can address problems that classical computers cannot solve efficiently. They have the potential to simulate any physical process in nature effectively.

Transitioning to quantum is crucial as we push the boundaries of computation. The limits of Moore's Law are approaching, with physical constraints on transistor miniaturization becoming evident.

#### Predicting Technological Progress

The transition from classical to quantum computing can be understood through methods used to forecast technological advancements. Research from the Santa Fe Institute indicates that Wright’s Law may provide more accurate predictions than Moore’s Law.

We will be closely observing:

1. Learning Rates: The cost reductions associated with adopting logical qubits.
2. Doubling Rates: The speed at which computational power increases for practical applications.
3. Demand Shifts: How demand changes as costs decrease and capabilities improve.
4. Inflection Points: Moments when technology crosses critical thresholds, leading to accelerated cost reductions.

1B. Quantum Enhanced Imaging

At the quantum level, matter and energy exhibit unique behaviors that can drive extraordinary innovations. Quantum optics, for instance, focuses on generating quantum states of light for use in various applications.

Quantum Enhanced Imaging aims to leverage quantum properties to:

• Enhance optical imaging techniques.
• Develop new imaging modalities across various fields, including healthcare.

The goal is to demonstrate that processing information at the quantum level can overcome existing limitations in imaging technology, enabling improved performance in low-light environments.

1C. Quantum Sensing & Metrology

Quantum sensors rely on quantum particles to detect external variables, with applications spanning across various fields. They can measure magnetic fields, acceleration, and angular velocity with remarkable precision.

Key applications include:

• Ground-penetrating radar technology improvements.
• Enhanced detection capabilities for emissions monitoring.

By applying quantum technologies to leak detection and repair processes, we can significantly enhance our ability to monitor and address greenhouse gas emissions.

2. Climate Crisis

Each year, humanity adds approximately 51 billion tons of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming. To mitigate the worst effects of climate change, we must aim for net-zero emissions by 2050, while still addressing basic societal needs.

Addressing the climate crisis is the defining challenge of our time, requiring transformative innovations across sectors.

Contextualizing the Climate Crisis

Understanding the complexities of the climate crisis is crucial for developing effective solutions. Key considerations include:

1. Systemic Impacts: Recognizing the second and third-order consequences of actions taken to address climate issues.
2. Urgency: Immediate action is essential, as delaying will only exacerbate the crisis.
3. Pressure for Action: The need for mutual benefits in addressing climate change, particularly from vulnerable communities.
4. Carbon Pricing: Implementing a predictable and escalating global carbon price is essential to incentivize change.
5. Greenwashing: Being vigilant against misleading claims of sustainability from businesses.

3. Capital Flows & Finding Intersections

Countries like China and those in Europe are leading the charge in funding quantum computing advancements, with substantial investments directed towards enhancing hardware and identifying transformative applications.

McKinsey's analysis indicates significant potential value in quantum computing, with predictions of substantial revenue growth in the coming years. However, there are persistent financing gaps in addressing Sustainable Development Goal #13 (Climate Mitigation), highlighting the need for innovative funding solutions.

The intersection of quantum technologies and climate change presents an opportunity to reshape our approach to these pressing challenges. Quantum computing is already making strides in critical areas, such as drug discovery and supply chain optimization.

In summary, the integration of quantum technologies into climate solutions can drive significant advancements, ultimately enabling us to tackle one of the most pressing challenges of our time. We invite collaboration and exploration in this vital area of innovation.